Mutual benefits = more for everyone. Again, the theory of abundance becomes reality in this dynamic. The more people benefit from an activity, the more they are willing to engage in it and the more it brings them. It is through partnerships that mutual benefits can be realized, generating wealth for everyone involve.

Fuel costs represent a big cost block for electric utilities hence their profitability depends to a large extent on raw material costs. Electric utility companies can diversify across the business segments generation, transmission, distribution and trading. The customer base is divided as industrial, commercial and residential.

• Long-term changes of growth patterns
• Changes in the customer base (demographics)
• Changes in production costs
• Product innovation
• Changes to production processes
• Structural changes of supplementary industries
• Changes of government policy
• Exits and new competitors.

Industry trends have to be monitored and projections about future trends have to be made because they will influence the profitability of an industry. Some major industry characteristics are:

• Pricing and cost structures (evolution over time)
• Domestic and international competition
• Technological change (pace and adaptability)
• Asset values
• Upcoming financing needs
• Potential liabilities
• Political and regulatory environment
• Government support
• Current state of regulation/deregulation.

Consumer staples is a noncyclical sector and hence the profit peak relative to the market is reached towards the end of a recession. Profits are not robust but consumers cut spending on large discretionary purchases while the demand, for example, for food and beverages remains relatively stable across the whole economic cycle.

Group sectors according to their change in profits during recession and recovery. The profits of cyclical sectors will fall in recessions and rise during a recovery. On the other side, the profit cycle of defensive companies is countercyclical. Profits will rise in recessions and they will tend to fall in recoveries. Some industries experience structural gains which means that their profits rise during recession and recovery. Other industries suffer from structural losses which means that they realize falling profits in recession and in recovery as well. Those are industries which reached a declining stage in their industry life cycles.

Corporate profits hava a long history as a percentage of GDP across several economic cycles. Corporate profits tend to fall long before the economy goes through a recession. Corporate profits usually reach their bottom towards the end of a recession. They start to rebound with rising economic activity. During the last expansion, which was one of the longest and that stretched through the 1990s, corporate profits started to deteriorate already in 1998. Sharply rising equity valuations, a focus on shareholder value and an undisciplined build-up of leverage induced a decline in profits when the earnings growth trend reversed. Every business cycle will be different from past cycles so the task is to identify evolving trends in order to make reliable projections about future performance.

Even local investors are turned off by the irregularities overseas. Investors in most foreign and emerging markets invest in bank savings instruments, government bonds, and real estate. Only in the last five years has there been general interest in stocks. Huge American brokers, mutual funds, and investment banks see tremendous profits to be made from instilling an “equity culture” overseas. Not only can they sell products to overseas investors, but they can sell U.S. investors turned off by the U.S. market hot foreign and emerging market products.

Vast amounts of propaganda have been produced to instill equity culture overseas. The two pillars of the platform are that stocks are the best investment for the long-run and stocks are the only investment with returns high enough to save the shaky retirement systems of European and Asian countries. Respected newspapers and magazines looking for large ad revenues from the campaign have joined the chorus. Politicians looking for votes have enacted 401(k)-type legislation. Unfortunately, equity culture is not likely to make many investors happy.

The range of loss is greater than in the United States. But the speed is also faster. The worst one-day loss in the overall U.S. market was 22 percent. Emerging markets have lost half their value in a single day. Some have closed and never reopened, essentially wiping out all values. If you find volatility disturbing, stocks, especially foreign and emerging market stocks, are outside your comfort zone.

In many non-U.S. markets, corporate employees and insiders have less respect for outside shareholders than they do here. If U.S. shareholders get too irritated, they can band together and oust management and other employees who are siphoning off all the earnings. In many overseas markets, insiders cannot be ousted, while minority shareholders may find their stock canceled or redeemed.

Few emerging markets have effective stock market regulation. In the United States and many developed countries, stocks cannot be bought and sold on the basis of secret corporate information. In emerging markets, this is common, even if it is technically illegal. It is also difficult in many emerging markets to cash out of profits when they do occur. In the United States, stock sales are settled in three days. In emerging markets, settlement dates and procedures can be vague and money is lost along the way. The level of unmanageability is much higher with emerging markets than in the United States.